Plant Family

Aizoaceae

Living Stones, Split Rocks & Ice Plants · 3 genera covered

The Aizoaceae are masters of mimicry. Living stones and their relatives have evolved to resemble the quartz pebbles and rock surfaces of their South African and Namibian desert habitats so precisely that they are genuinely difficult to spot in the wild. The same adaptations that make them extraordinary to look at make them specific in their care requirements, particularly the watering cycle, which must follow the plant's natural seasonal rhythm rather than a regular schedule. Getting that cycle wrong is the primary reason these plants fail indoors.

Type · Light · Difficulty
Safe for
Showing all varieties
Faucaria|Tiger Jaws
2 varieties · Eastern Cape, South Africa · Stemless rosette succulent
The toothed leaf margins that give Faucaria its common name are soft and harmless despite their appearance. The teeth interlock when the paired leaves press together, resembling an open jaw. One of the more forgiving Aizoaceae for indoor growing, requiring less precise watering than Lithops while still needing the dry season rest.
Faucaria tigrina
Tiger Jaws
Bright / Direct Drought Tolerant Intermediate Non-toxic
Also known as
Tiger Jaws · Shark Jaws · Tiger's Jaw
Care
Ideal — Bright to Direct
Light
Low
Medium
Bright
Full Sun
Ideal — Drought Tolerant
Water
Drought
Regular
High
Frequent
Description

Pairs of thick, triangular, grey-green leaves with white spots and soft teeth along the margins that interlock like jaws. Produces vivid yellow daisy-like flowers in autumn, one of the most free-flowering of the mimicry succulents and one of the few that flowers reliably indoors with adequate light. More forgiving of imprecise watering than Lithops or Pleiospilos.

Detailed Care
WateringWater spring through summer when soil dries completely. Reduce significantly in late summer. Minimal to none in winter. Resume as temperatures warm in spring.
SoilMineral-forward. Coarse grit or perlite at 50%+ with minimal organic content.
FloweringAutumn. Yellow flowers emerge from the center of the leaf pair. Requires good light and correct watering cycle to flower reliably.
Cause of DeathOverwatering in winter. Insufficient light causing etiolation.
Toxicity
CatsSafe
DogsSafe
BirdsSafe
RodentsSafe
ReptilesSafe
Faucaria tuberculosa
Warty Tiger Jaws
Bright / Direct Drought Tolerant Intermediate Non-toxic
Care
Ideal — Bright to Full Sun
Light
Low
Medium
Bright
Full Sun
Ideal — Drought Tolerant
Water
Drought
Regular
High
Frequent
Description

Similar jaw structure to tigrina but with a heavily tuberculate (warty, knobby) leaf surface that gives it a more textured appearance. The surface knobs are white and more pronounced than the spots on tigrina. Produces yellow flowers in autumn. Slightly more compact than tigrina. Care is identical.

Toxicity
CatsSafe
DogsSafe
BirdsSafe
RodentsSafe
ReptilesSafe
Lithops|Living Stones
Multiple species · Southern Africa · Mimicry succulent
The most precisely adapted mimicry plants in cultivation. Each plant consists of a pair of fused, highly succulent leaves with a translucent window on the upper surface through which light reaches the interior photosynthetic tissue, a strategy for gathering light while keeping the bulk of the leaf buried and hidden. The annual leaf replacement cycle is the most critical and most misunderstood aspect of Lithops care. Understanding it prevents the most common cause of failure.
Lithops lesliei
Leslie's Living Stone
Maximum Light Drought Tolerant Precise Watering Cycle Advanced Non-toxic
Also known as
Living Stone · Pebble Plant · Flowering Stone · Mimicry Plant
Care
Ideal — Bright to Full Sun
Light
Low
Medium
Bright
Full Sun
Ideal — Drought Tolerant
Water
Drought
Regular
High
Frequent
Description

A pair of fused, rounded, stone-like leaves in muted brown, grey, or green with a patterned, translucent upper window. The pattern and color vary significantly between species and varieties. Some resemble quartz, others granite, others desert sandstone. Produces yellow or white daisy-like flowers from the fissure between the leaves in autumn.

The Watering Cycle — Critical
SummerDormant. Do not water. The plant rests through the hottest, driest period. Watering in summer causes rot.
AutumnResume watering as temperatures drop. Water sparingly — once every 2-3 weeks. The plant flowers in autumn.
WinterThe new leaf pair develops inside the old one, absorbing the old leaves' moisture. Do not water during this process. External water causes the old leaves to not dry properly and the new pair can rot.
SpringThe old leaf pair is now dry and papery. The new pair has fully emerged. Resume light watering once per month as the new leaves harden.
SummaryWater only in autumn and very lightly in spring. Withhold water in summer and winter. This single rule resolves the vast majority of Lithops failures.
Detailed Care
LightMaximum available. Direct sun is preferred. In insufficient light the plant etiolates. The leaf pair elongates upward, loses its compact form, and the window system fails to gather enough light. Etiolation is irreversible. A grow light is worth using if a south-facing window is unavailable.
Soil80%+ mineral. Coarse grit and perlite with minimal organic content. The organic component retains moisture that Lithops cannot tolerate.
PotTerracotta preferred. The porous walls allow faster drying. The pot must have excellent drainage.
Cause of DeathWatering at the wrong time, particularly in summer and during winter leaf transition. This is the cause of failure in the overwhelming majority of cases.
Toxicity
CatsSafe
DogsSafe
BirdsSafe
RodentsSafe
ReptilesSafe
Environmental Note
Several Lithops species are affected by habitat destruction and over-collection in the wild. Purchase from specialist succulent nurseries producing plants from cultivated seed. Wild-collected specimens are still occasionally sold. Unrooted plants or unusually cheap specimens from non-specialist sources are a warning sign.
Lithops aucampiae
Aucamp's Living Stone
Maximum Light Drought Tolerant Advanced Non-toxic
Care
Ideal — Bright to Full Sun
Light
Low
Medium
Bright
Full Sun
Ideal — Drought Tolerant
Water
Drought
Regular
High
Frequent
Description

Reddish-brown to tan leaf pairs with a complex brown and rust window pattern on the upper surface. One of the most widely available and most variable Lithops species. Individuals differ considerably in color and window pattern. Produces yellow flowers. Care is identical to lesliei — the watering cycle is the same across all Lithops species.

Toxicity
CatsSafe
DogsSafe
BirdsSafe
RodentsSafe
ReptilesSafe
Lithops salicola
Salt Plant Living Stone
Maximum Light Drought Tolerant Advanced Non-toxic
Care
Ideal — Bright to Full Sun
Light
Low
Medium
Bright
Full Sun
Ideal — Drought Tolerant
Water
Drought
Regular
High
Frequent
Description

Grey to grey-green leaf pairs with a relatively simple, pale window. One of the most stone-like in overall appearance — the grey coloring and subdued pattern makes it genuinely difficult to spot against gravel or stone. Produces white flowers, one of the white-flowering species in a genus where yellow is more common. Care identical to all Lithops.

Toxicity
CatsSafe
DogsSafe
BirdsSafe
RodentsSafe
ReptilesSafe
Pleiospilos|Split Rocks
2 varieties · South Africa · Mimicry succulent
Larger and more robust than Lithops but following the same annual leaf replacement cycle. The common name refers to the deeply fissured appearance of the paired leaves, which resemble a split granite rock. The nelii hybrid 'Royal Flush' has introduced pink-toned forms that have become widely available and popular.
Pleiospilos nelii
Split Rock · Mimicry Plant
Maximum Light Drought Tolerant Advanced Non-toxic
Also known as
Split Rock · Cleft Stone · Mimicry Plant · Granite Plant
Care
Ideal — Bright to Full Sun
Light
Low
Medium
Bright
Full Sun
Ideal — Drought Tolerant
Water
Drought
Regular
High
Frequent
Description

Rounded, paired, grey-green leaves heavily dotted with dark spots, deeply fissured at the center. Larger than Lithops — a mature Pleiospilos nelii is considerably more substantial in presence. Produces orange flowers from the central fissure that emerge in winter and spring rather than autumn. The flowering time distinguishes it from Lithops. The watering cycle follows the same principle as Lithops but the timing shifts: water lightly in autumn and spring, withhold in summer and during the winter leaf transition.

Key Differences from Lithops
Flowering timeWinter to spring, not autumn. Orange flowers rather than yellow or white.
SizeNoticeably larger than most Lithops. Each leaf pair can exceed 5cm across in a mature plant.
Leaf pairsCan produce more than one pair of new leaves from a single replacement cycle, eventually forming a cluster.
WateringSame principle as Lithops. Withhold during summer dormancy and winter leaf transition. Water in autumn and spring only.
Toxicity
CatsSafe
DogsSafe
BirdsSafe
RodentsSafe
ReptilesSafe
Pleiospilos nelii 'Royal Flush'
Pink Split Rock
Maximum Light Drought Tolerant Advanced Non-toxic
Care
Ideal — Bright to Full Sun
Light
Low
Medium
Bright
Full Sun
Ideal — Drought Tolerant
Water
Drought
Regular
High
Frequent
Description

A cultivar with deep rose-pink to purple leaf coloration rather than the standard grey-green. The pink is most vivid in bright light and fades to a more muted tone in lower light. Has become one of the most widely sold Aizoaceae due to the unusual coloration. Care is identical to standard nelii in every respect. The same seasonal watering cycle applies and is equally critical.

Toxicity
CatsSafe
DogsSafe
BirdsSafe
RodentsSafe
ReptilesSafe